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Now, about 20 Percent of People don’t Have Wisdom Teeth

Many people have concerns about going to the dentist. A study in developed countries in Europe shows that 24% of people are afraid of dentists. Moreover, a considerable number of people try to avoid going to the dentist until they have to. It may also be that 92% of American adults have cavities in their permanent teeth.

You might think that compared to other species, humans are so unlucky that they rely on one set of teeth for most of their lives. Shark lovers know that sharks have countless sets of teeth in their lifetime. In particular, people with shark phobia are horrified by the fact that there are rows of baby teeth under the shark’s skin, waiting to replace the teeth they are using, replacing them every three weeks. Experts believe that the bottom of the sea is covered with shark teeth.

Sharks, most reptiles and amphibians can change their teeth many times in their lifetime, so why do humans and most mammals only have two sets of teeth?

Abigail Tucker, a professor of development and advanced chemistry at King’s college, University of London, said there was a balance between the complexity of teeth and the number of sets of teeth. Mammals have the ability to chew, which means their teeth can be grinded laterally (imagine a cow or a horse), so we have evolved teeth with complex cusps, bulges, and mounds. Although our fangs have only one cusp, our premolars have two cusps, and our posterior molars have four to five cusps.

“Complexity has to do with the structure of the diet, for example, the animals that eat bamboo have the most complex teeth,” she said. “For example, pandas or lemurs that eat bamboo, their rear teeth have many tips, so they can chew and grind hard fibers. Their teeth look similar to those of other mammals, but they’re not really related at all.

Some animals have unique teeth. For example, the small teeth of piranha (piranha) merge into a large tooth, which is shaped like a sharp knife. When their teeth start to fall off, the first quarter of them will fall off suddenly, and then they live on the remaining three quarters until the new teeth grow out.

Although mammals usually have only two sets of teeth – one set of primary teeth and one set of permanent teeth – some mammals retain the ability to grow more teeth, or re evolve the ability, such as manatees, to grow teeth at the back of their mouths throughout their lives.

Some animals only have one set of teeth, but this set of teeth has been growing, including lemurs and mice and other rodents. “Rodents and rabbits usually have a batch of stem cells at the base of their teeth, so that dentin and enamel keep growing. It’s an adaptation to the hard food they eat, “Tucker said.

Being able to complete the challenge of digesting bamboo shows that panda’s teeth have evolved to a very complex level, surpassing all other mammals.

It is unlikely that humans will evolve to acquire more than two sets of teeth, because the premise of evolution is that differences in characteristics will affect the survival of future generations. But we’re really evolving in some way – experts believe that there will be fewer and fewer wisdom teeth, the third set of molars that grow when we’re young and our jaws are fully grown. “When we cook food, it becomes more and more tender, so there is no need for a third group of molars. In addition, our chin is also getting smaller and smaller, and the space is getting smaller and smaller. ” As a result, we find that the percentage of people without wisdom teeth is getting higher and higher. Now, about 20% of people don’t have wisdom teeth. ”

We may never be able to evolve a third set of teeth, but that hasn’t stopped scientists from trying to replace extracted teeth with new, living alternatives. King’s College London has successfully transplanted biological teeth into mice. They take gingival tissue from the human body, and cells from mice that make teeth, so that they can grow teeth with dentin and enamel. “It’s incredible that the researchers were able to transplant this bud and control it to grow blood vessels from surrounding tissue to form a living tooth,” Tucker said.

One of the big challenges for humans to use this treatment is to grow stem cells in vitro, because it makes them inactive.

Recently, other studies have focused on methods of self-healing. Ruchi Sahota, a spokesman for the American Dental Association and a dentist in California, suggests imagining the anatomy of a tooth as an apple. “Teeth have a thin enamel shell, just like apple skin, which protects the core of teeth, namely dentin. Teeth have nerves, too, like the seeds of an apple. ” “Caries form in the enamel, and when it gets into the dentin, you need to see a dentist,” she said. When it gets into the nerve, you need root canal therapy. ”

A company called reminova is trying to bring a new approach to market. The technique is also based on a study by King’s college, University of London, which uses painless electricity to promote enamel remineralization when the first signs of corrosion appear. Electric current may help stimulate the growth of enamel and repair the corrosion of teeth.

Other methods use cells in teeth to repair cavities that have penetrated the enamel. One way is to stimulate the growth of dentin, the mineralized tissue inside the teeth. Taking the recently published science translational medicine as an example, they found that using low-energy lasers to treat exposed dental pulp of mice and then fill the cavities could promote stem cells to make dentin.

Researchers at the University of Nottingham and Harvard University have found another way. They are developing a medical biomaterial to repair caries and intervene before root canal treatment is necessary. This material can stimulate some stem cells in the dental pulp to interact with other materials to form a new cell, which can make dentin.

“The material is injected into contact with the dental pulp, and then it is hardened by ultraviolet light to form a plasticity,” said Adam celiz, a postdoctoral researcher who is developing the technology. “The original cells will interact with the plasticity and dissimilate into a new kind of cell, which can make the dentin. So, we want to restore the dentin layer and make the teeth active, which means that there is no need for root canal treatment and pulp removal. ”

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